Both theories draw on evidence that prefrontal cortical areas important for self-regulation, including the medial prefrontal cortex, affect the parasympathetic nervous system, which in turn influences cardiac activity and allows for high variability in heart rate ( Thayer, Hansen, Saus-Rose, & Johnsen, 2009). Second, heart rate variability (HRV) has been proposed to reflect the activity of a central inhibitory network that implements both EF and self-regulatory functions (i.e., Neurovisceral Integration Theory, Thayer & Brosschot, 2005 Polyvagal Theory, Porges, 2001). Among younger adults, better EF correlated with less propensity for mind-wandering, worry, and rumination ( Crowe, Matthews, & Walkenhorst, 2007 Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000 Kane et al., 2007) and better emotion regulation and less experience of negative emotion ( Compton et al., 2008 Robinson, Schmeichel, & Inzlicht, 2009). When this ability is applied to everyday thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and impulses, self-regulation results. First, executive function (EF) reflects the ability to perform set-shifting, inhibition, and updating and to utilize working memory effectively, typically acting on abstract content such as numbers, letters, and colors and measured using neuropsychological tests ( Miyake, Friedman, Emerson, Witzki, & Howerter, 2000). Among younger adults, better self-regulatory ability and strength (i.e., the motivation and capacity to meet self-regulatory demands), might be indexed by two measures. Self-regulation – control over one’s thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and impulses – has been associated with better life outcomes ( Moffitt et al., 2011 Tangney, Baumeister, & Boone, 2004). Subjective self-regulation may be an important final common pathway to psychological and physical health in older adults. The aging process may change how the indices relate to each other, and older adults may draw more on certain self-regulatory components over others, given limited resources. These findings support the non-unitary nature of self-regulation in older adults and the health relevance of each of its indices between and within older adults. Conscientiousness was associated with subjective self-regulation and better psychological and physical health. Better subjective self-regulation had the most between- and within-person associations with better psychological and physical health. Better executive function was associated with better psychological and physical health between and within people, whereas higher heart rate variability was associated with psychological health within people. Indices of self-regulation were only modestly correlated with each other but were each associated with health. The present study described the relationships among indices of self-regulation and tested their between- and within-person associations with upstream personality factors (conscientiousness) and downstream psychological and physical health in 149 older adults aged 60–93 years, assessed semi-annually for five years (up to 10 waves). Pairwise associations among these indices have been previously examined however, a self-regulation constellation encompassing all of these indices has never been tested in older adults. Executive function, physiological, and subjective indices have all been proposed to reflect self-regulation. Self-regulation refers to effortful control over one’s thoughts, emotions, choices, impulses, and behaviors, and has implications for older adults’ health.